This article applies an integrated urban-metabolism and ecosystem-service assessment to Lima. It measures the relationship between metropolitan resource demand and the capacity of urban and surrounding ecosystems to supply services.

The study evaluates six ecosystem services and maps mismatches between supply and demand. It combines material-flow accounting with spatial indicators and uses scenario simulation to explore changes up to 2050 under different urban-growth, climate and policy conditions. The results reveal where increasing demand may intensify dependence and where nature-based interventions could address critical gaps.

The Lima application demonstrates how the UMaNS framework can move from conceptual integration to spatial decision support. It makes ecosystem contributions visible within metropolitan resource accounting while also exposing the uneven distribution of environmental capacity.